For most second language writers there is normally quite a lengthy process
involved in producing a good piece of academic writing in English. This includes
planning, drafting, revising and redrafting and, last of all, proofreading.
Which features of your writing do you think you should check when you reach
the proofreading stage?
Select the tick symbol
next to the items below that you think should be checked during proofreading
and the cross symbol
next to those that should not. Then check your answers.
Appropriateness of argument
Grammar
Position of ideas
Punctuation
Level of formality
Order of sections
Spelling and typography
Word choice
Grammar, punctuation, level of formality, spelling and typography, and word
choice
Appropriateness of argument, position of ideas, order of sections
Proofreading usually means attending to those mistakes that occur at the
surface level of your writing; in other words, mistakes that
can be changed relatively easily at this final stage of the writing process
when you may be working to a deadline. Mistakes which commonly occur in the
work of second language writers include:
1. wrong or imprecise choice of word
2. wrong choice of grammar (especially tense, preposition, article, subject/verb
agreement)
3. wrong spelling, inconsistent spelling ( e.g. a mixture of British and American
English), mistyped words
4. use of informal language ( slang, idioms and most phrasal verbs)
5. misuse of punctuation (especially commas, full stops, capital letters)
At this late stage, problems in the areas of the organisation or content
of your writing will hopefully not occur. During an earlier stage of redrafting
you should have spent time carrying out any necessary revisions to your work
at this level. These may have included reordering sections, changing the position
of ideas in a section or paragraph and critically assessing whether you have
produced an effective argument.
In these activities you will practise proofreading and correcting the first
part of a written assignment produced by a student for her university course.
Activity 1: Identifying errors
Laura
Laura has written an essay on the risks involved in the operation of computer
systems for her computer science course. She plans to submit it very soon
but still has to carry out the final stage in the writing process - proofreading.
Practise your own proofreading skills by reading the introduction to her
essay below and checking for mistakes.
Each line of the essay extract contains zero, one, or two mistakes.
Select the number of mistakes that you find in each line
in the selection box next to it. Then check your answers.
Continuing advance in Computer Science have steadily increased the
reliability which can be achieved in computer controled equipments.
A growing number of routine functions were now automated leaving
human operators with the overall control and the necessary
supervisory tasks. As overall controllers these operators are guiding
the computer by initiating the desired actions and, choose appropriate
modes. As supervisors, they must to monitor the system, to judge of
the computers actions and to correct rapidly faults if necessary. The
problem with the latter task is that, in complexed systems such as
nuclear power plant, there is often no independent way for operator
assessing the state of the monitoring process; for this she depends
entirely on information providing by the computer. This means that the
operator must be able to trust the computer despite of the need to
accept that some of its actions could be faulty. In this essay, the
dangers of both mistrust towards computers and of over reliance on
them are illustrated with examples of accidents which were down to
such attitudes. Finally, three factors which could encourage an
appropriate attitude of operators towards computers are suggested.
When you are going through the process of proofreading you can sometimes
over-correct a piece of writing. Although it is sometimes necessary to improve
for example, the way you have expressed a point, too much time spent changing
words can start to be detrimental. If you have identified more mistakes
than those indicated below, consider how this might have happened.
The number of mistakes in each line of the introduction are as follows:
1 Continuing advance in Computer Science have steadily increased
the 2 reliability which can be achieved in computer controled
equipments. 1 A growing number of routine functions were now automated
leaving 0 human operators with the overall control and the necessary
2 supervisory tasks. As overall controllers these operators
are guiding 2 the computer by initiating the desired actions and, choose
appropriate 2 modes. As supervisors, they must to monitor the system,
to judge of 2 the computers actions and to correct rapidly faults if
necessary. The 1 problem with the latter task is that, in complexed systems
such as 2 nuclear power plant, there is often no independent way
for operator 1 assessing the state of the monitoring process; for this
she depends 1 entirely on information providing by the computer. This
means that the 1 operator must be able to trust the computer despite of
the need to 1 accept that some of its actions could be faultly. In
this essay, the 0 dangers of both mistrust towards computers and of over
reliance on 1 them are illustrated with examples of accidents which
were down to 0 such attitudes. Finally, three factors which could encourage
an 0 appropriate attitude of operators towards computers are
suggested.
Activity 2: Correcting mistakes
Now practise correcting the mistakes that you identified
in Laura's essay. Select 'show' to view the number of mistakes in each line
first. When you are satisfied with your corrections check the answer and read
the comment.
1 Continuing advances in Computer Science
have steadily increased the 2 reliability which can be achieved in computer controlled
equipmentsequipment. 1 A growing number of routine functions wereare
now automated leaving 0 human operators with the overall control and the necessary
2 supervisory tasks. As overall controllers,
these operators are guidingguide 2 the computer by initiating the desired actions and
(comma deleted) choosechoosing appropriate
2 modes. As supervisors, they must tomust
/ have to monitor the system, to judge of 2 the computer's actions and to correct
rapidly faults rapidly if necessary. The 1 problem with the latter task is that, in complexed
systems such as 2 nuclear power plants, there is often
no independent way for operators 1assessingto assess the state
of the monitoring process; for this she depends 1 entirely on information providingprovided
by the computer. This means that the 1 operator must be able to trust the computer despite
ofdespite / in spite of the need to 1 accept that some of its actions could be faultlyfaulty. In this essay, the 0 dangers of both mistrust towards computers and of over
reliance on 1 them are illustrated with examples of accidents which
were down tothe result of 0 such attitudes. Finally, three factors which could encourage
an 0 appropriate attitude of operators towards computers are
suggested.
Laura's introduction contained a number of typical mistakes that could
be identified by proofreading. Here is a summary of the types of corrections
that Laura needs to make in her work:
tenses (present simple - are, guide)
modal verbs (must/have to)
more formal choice of words (the result of; down to = informal)
use of linking expressions (despite/in spite of)
reduced relative clause( provided adj.)
word order (to rapidly correct)
infinitives and gerunds(to assess; choosing)
form of adjectives( complex; faulty)
uncountable nouns (equipment)
singular and plural noun forms (nuclear power plants; advances)
punctuation ( commas)
When correcting your own work, it can help to consider the types of mistakes
that you often make and to check your work for mistakes in these areas in
particular.
Produced for the Subject Centre for Languages, Linguistics
and Area Studies Materials Bank www.llas.ac.uk/mb
Author: Julie Watson, eLanguages, University of Southampton